Abstract Potential of green hydrogen producing from biomass, solar and wind in Togo has been performed. The availability of these three resources has been depicted with maps showing them per cantons in Togo, thus, by using the data sets from ESA Biomass Climate Change Initiative, the global solar atlas and the global wind atlas. The conversions rates used were: for solar resource, 3% of land was allocated for the analysis after removing the exclusions with a conversion rate of 52.5 kWh/kg of hydrogen; for biomass hydrogen, the con version rate of 13.4 kg BS/kg H2 was assumed. Wind resources at 50 m above ground were not sufficient to evaluate the potential as it is lower than class 3 winds. QGIS version 3.6.4 and R version 4.0.4 were used. Results showed that biomass is the leading resource for producing green hydrogen from renewable energy resources; with good impact in these two cantons: Bassar, Gobe/Eketo/Gbadi N’Kugna. However, this resource is still decreasing and in some cantons it is null.

Abstract This study presents an intelligent approach for load frequency control (LFC) of small hydropower plants (SHPs). The approach which is based on fuzzy logic (FL), takes into account the non-linearity of SHPs—something which is not possible using traditional controllers. Most intelligent methods use two input fuzzy controllers, but because such controllers are expensive, there is economic interest in the relatively cheaper single-input controllers. A non linear control model based on one-input fuzzy logic PI (FLPI) ontroller was developed and applied to control the non-linear SHP. Using MATLAB/Si mulink SimScape, the SHP was simulated with linear and non-linear plant models. The performance of the FLPI controller was investigated and com pared with that of the conventional PI/PID controller. Results show that the settling time for the FLPI controller is about 8 times shorter; while the over shoot is about 15 times smaller compared to the conventional PI/PID con troller. Therefore, the FLPI controller performs better than the conventional PI/PID controller not only in meeting the LFC control objective but also in ensuring increased dynamic stability of SHPs.

Abstract Potential of green hydrogen producing from biomass, solar and wind in Togo has been performed. The availability of these three resources has been depicted with maps showing them per cantons in Togo, thus, by using the datasets from ESA Biomass Climate Change Initiative, the global solar atlas and the global wind atlas. The conversions rates used were: for solar resource, 3% of land was allocated for the analysis after removing the exclusions with a conversion rate of 52.5 kWh/kg of hydrogen; for biomass hydrogen, the conversion rate of 13.4 kg BS/kg H2 was assumed. Wind resources at 50 m above ground were not sufficient to evaluate the potential as it is lower than class 3 winds. QGIS version 3.6.4 and R version 4.0.4 were used. Results showed that biomass is the leading resource for producing green hydrogen from renewable energy resources; with good impact in these two cantons: Bassar, Gobe/ Eketo/Gbadi N’Kugna. However, this resource is still decreasing and in some cantons it is null.

Abstract The accelerated depletion of oil reserves and the often exorbitant cost of fossil fuels contribute to the development of fuels from renewable sources. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the properties of renewable fuels on their evaporation in natural convection, their combustion and their use in internal combustion engines. A summary of the various numerical and experimental works from the literature has been presented in this work. This work focuses on the numerical modelling of the natural convection evaporation of an isolated drop of a liquid fuel in natural convection. The transfers in the liquid and vapour phases are described by the conservation equations of mass and species, momentum and energy. The main feature of this work is the consideration of advection, azimuthal angle and thickness of the vapour phase of the drop during evaporation of the drop.

Abstract For a long time now, humanity has been facing the phenomenon known as “climate change”, a major challenge of which we must be aware of what we are doing so as not to affect ourselves or future generations. It is evident that, if what is sought is a sustainable energy future, the current energy model implemented in certain countries and regions of the world is not the most adequate and makes the achievement of this goal unfeasible. This situation threatens to greatly alter our ecosystems and our social structures, and one of the key actions to mitigate it is, undeniably, the generalization of the use of renewable energy sources; and specifically, the non-conventional sources, referring to solar and wind, technologies that comply with the principle of energy complementarity; however, there are other possible solutions such as the deployment of programs that consider efficient cooking technologies; involving with it is everything related to energy security and equity, as well as environmental protection. In this article, as a technology to be considered to reduce and mitigate the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, an analysis of the efficiency assessment of electric induction cooktops and the determination of their potential energy savings are carried out. The impact of these results is taken into consideration and a series of conclusions and recommendations for improvement are issued.