Abstract Talmy’s cognitive-semantic typology divides languages based on how path and manner of motion are generally encoded, but recently some studies have suggested that the original typology needs re-examining either by adding a new type (e.g., Slobin, 2004) or using a cline rather than a two or three-language division (e.g., Ibarretxe-Antouñano, 2009). Furthermore, Matsumoto (2003) has suggested that Talmy’s original typology should be founded on the heading of a language, rather than the original terms of satellite and verb. This study observes Persian motion events through this concept to help determine if an intermediate language can neatly fit into a single category when analyzed based on heading, or whether a new cline based on heading should be considered. We compared data from a translation corpus of the short story “A Christmas Carol” using a representative verb-framed and satellite-framed language (i.e., Japanese and English), and found that Persian shares some path encoding tendencies with both English and Japanese, but also has significant differences, which suggest it could perhaps be better described as fitting on a cline of path-salience, rather than simply placed in either category.

Abstract What makes English such a globally prominent language? As we all know, the English vocabulary is huge! However, what makes English such a globally prominent language? The reason is English borrowing words from many different languages. English borrows the most from Latin, French and Greek. There are also words that are native to English. This electronic document is a kind of Blog Post. In this paper, you can see the magic change processes of English and know how to identify doublets in different languages and what sound changes occurred between PIE and its descendant languages through this paper by using the comparative method.

Abstract As a prototypical verb complex in Mandarin, “V + Dào” construction experiences a wide debate across semantics, morphology, syntactics, pragmatics, and grammaticalization as well. This paper presents a critical review of “V + Dào” construction with its own specificity, mainly including its part of speech, syntactic position, and verb-complement classifications from these various approaches, aiming to provide preliminary exploration and investigation for the study of verb complex and its event integration process in the future.

Abstract Strengthening international cooperation is inseparable from business negotiations and translation is necessary in the process of business negotiation .From the framework of Bourdieu’s Mode on Sociological Translation Studies, the paper explores the application of this model in the translation of euphem ism in business English with the leading concepts of fields and habits so that the impacts of the translator’s habits and fields have been found on translation.

Abstract As a goal of education and an effective approach to educational practice, learner autonomy is an integral part of learning of any kind. This survey aims at firstly confirming the results of previous study in the literature, and secondly disclosing more besides the existing results. Simulating the previous study on autonomy awareness made by the same author, this survey not only collects the attitudes of 80 college students by using the same questionnaire as previously, but also investigates the comments of 40 teachers, which is not included in previous studies. In addition, reflective self-reports by 4 of the students are also studied in this survey. This survey indicates that the results of previous studies are confirmed. However, it also shows that Chinese learners are ideologically ready but behaviorally not for autonomy in language learning. Four suggestions are put forward to foreign language teachers in China.

Abstract This paper examines the canonical structure of paradigms in Arabic in relation to lexicography. It explores the translational equivalence theory to represent variations of the sub-categories of paradigms applied by Zgusta’s (1971) as far as form, lexical meaning, and composition are concerned. The exploration of peculiarity in paradegmatic formal and functional representations could be a guiding principle for the construction of forms of Arabic paradigms by lexicographers. In most languages, the canonical forms are fixed by tradition. However, bilingual paradigmatic variation studies could help lexicographers, teachers and learners of ESL and ASL identify differences of meaning in contexts.

Abstract A Conjunction Pitch [a] is a Word nested between Two other Words in a Three Word String; [i(a)], [i(x)], [i(b)]. A Neighboring Pitch [b] are Words or Sounds on either side of a Conjunction Pitch. To determine or decipher the sentence structure of any life form, a Conjunction Pitch is cataloged along with a Neighboring Pitch when a Neighboring Pitch and Conjunction Pitchare observed occurring twice.